Browse manuscripts

Egypt; found in the Arsinoite nome (modern Fayum)

Eight mounted fragments (A–H) from a Greek Deuteronomy papyrus roll: A preserves Deuteronomy 23:25–26 and 24:1–3; B 25:1–3; C 26:12; D 26:17–19; E 27:15; F 28:31–33. G and H remain unplaced. The verso carries later documentary writing rather than indexed…

Not securely known

Greek Old and New Testaments (with lacunae)

Not securely known

Greek Old Testament (partly preserved) and New Testament

Eastern Mediterranean (uncertain)

Greek Bible in four volumes

Egypt (Ben Ezra Synagogue, Cairo Genizah)

One paper leaf of Psalms with Babylonian supralinear vocalization: Psalms 116:7–118:2 on the recto and 118:4–22 on the verso; Psalm 118:3 is not included in the catalogued spans

Iraq

Surviving Writings in Babylonian order: Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Chronicles. The reconstructed sequence interleaves seven photographic facsimiles of JTS 510 at fols. 9–10, 29–30, and 99–101…

Land of Israel or Syria

Near-complete Masoretic Hebrew Bible

Egypt (Cairo Genizah)

One severely fragmentary parchment leaf of Psalm 119: verses 109–111 and 121–127 survive on the recto, and verses 139–158 on the verso; verses 112–120 are lost within the recto, while 128–138 are absent between the two catalogued sides

Probably Egypt

Forty fragmentary parchment folios of the Writings: 2 Chronicles 36:23; extensive but discontinuous Psalms from 1–147; Proverbs 31:13–31; Ruth 1:1–13 and 3:14–4:18; Ecclesiastes 2:11–10:5; Esther 4:11–5:11 and 9:10–10:3; and Daniel 1:1–13. Fol. 1r combines the…

Orient; later in the Cairo Genizah

One parchment leaf preserving Deuteronomy 7:17–9:16: 7:17–8:14 on the recto and 8:15–9:16 on the verso. The sequence is substantially continuous, but holes and missing lower corners cause local losses of words and short lines

Orient; later in the Cairo Genizah

Three parchment leaves preserving Genesis 10:14–12:15 continuously: 10:14–25 on fol. 1r, 10:26–11:6 on 1v, 11:7–16 on 2r, 11:17–27 on 2v, 11:28–12:5 on 3r, and 12:6–15 on 3v. Missing lower outer corners and upper edges remove between one and eight lines in…

Orient; later in the Cairo Genizah

Two consecutive parchment leaves preserving Genesis 27:7–30:16: 27:7–35 on fol. 1r, 27:36–28:13 on 1v, 28:14–29:20 on 2r, and 29:21–30:16 on 2v. Tears and missing lower edges remove letters and parts of lines, and errant copy was corrected in the manuscript

Egypt or Palestine

Twenty-one paper folios preserving fragments of Exodus 1:1–8:5, with the Hebrew biblical text transcribed in Arabic script. Three carpet pages precede the text; the biblical leaves include coloured verse and section markers and an isolated Masoretic…

Yemen

Four originally separate Yemenite biblical codices now bound together, with the Hebrew text transcribed in Arabic script: Jeremiah 23:22–25:10, 25:32–36:27, 36:32–38:24, and 39:7–49:37; Genesis 22:1–24:6; Leviticus 25:53–27:6; and Ezekiel 21:33–22:12 and…

Babylonia

Complete Latter Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve. Fol. 224r concludes Malachi 3:24 and continues with the dated colophon; fols. 224v–225r contain a monumental colophon and ownership notes without mapped biblical text

Shaqlawa, northeastern Iraq (old core); Yemen (replacement leaves)

The five books of the Torah with Tiberian vowels and accents, Masorah parva, and Masorah magna. The tenth-century core is interleaved with Yemenite paper replacement leaves dated 1539/1540. Fol. 1r contains mounted fragments and notes without indexed biblical…

Tiberias

Masoretic Hebrew Bible (substantially preserved)

Gaifa near Bilbais, Egypt

One parchment leaf: Jeremiah 1:1–12 on the recto, with double vocalization combining Babylonian vowel signs and Tiberian vowels, accents, and other diacritics; an embellished dated colophon on the verso has no indexed biblical text

Sefarad; later in the Cairo Genizah

Two non-consecutive parchment leaves attached as a bifolium, preserving Genesis 37:9–35 and 41:24–50. OPenn image 1r carries 37:22–35 and 41:24–36; image 1v carries 37:9–22 and 41:36–50. Verses 37:22 and 41:36 cross original leaf boundaries and occur on both…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

Two non-consecutive paper leaves preserving Leviticus 11:40–12:7 and 13:26–42. Fol. 1v marks the weekly reading Tazria with a decorated marginal parashah heading. The missing intervening leaves create the explicit Leviticus 12:8–13:25 gap

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

One damaged parchment leaf preserving Leviticus 16:18–32: verses 18–27 on fol. 1r and 28–32 on 1v. Writing stops after ten lines in half of the first verso column, and erasure obliterates part of verse 32

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region ‘Orient’; later in the Cairo Genizah and the Dropsie/CAJS collection

One leaf whose recto preserves Leviticus 11:13–20, with each complete Hebrew verse followed by Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic Tafsir. The verso has no indexed biblical text and retains two later writing exercises, one in Arabic script

Sefarad; later preserved in the Cairo Genizah

One badly damaged parchment fragment from a Torah scroll, written only on the recto. A small detached piece preserves Leviticus 16:1–2; the surviving portions of three original columns preserve 16:3–14, 16:21–32, and 17:10–18:1. The losses between those spans…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

One damaged paper leaf preserving Numbers 8:21–9:4: verses 8:21–25 on fol. 1r and 8:26–9:4 on fol. 1v. Central folds, splits, abrasion, and small holes remove or obscure letters, especially across the lower half, but the passage remains substantially…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

One parchment leaf preserving Numbers 16:30–17:4 with Masorah parva and magna: 16:30–34 on fol. 1r and 16:35–17:4 on 1v. A complete blank line after 16:35 marks a closed parashah; in 16:32, eight open spaces between אותם and ואת are marked with carets

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

The OPenn catalogue describes a parchment leaf containing Deuteronomy 5:1–14, but the online facsimile publishes only one photograph: the recto, where 5:1–6 are visible and mapped. The reverse, which continued through verse 14, is absent from the digitization,…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Sulzberger and Dropsie Cairo Genizah collections

Four consecutive parchment leaves preserving Joshua 21:6–24:32. The first four photographs show the two bifolia opened out, so one image can combine textually non-consecutive leaf surfaces; the last four are duplicate close-ups of the inner bifolium surfaces.…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Dropsie Cairo Genizah Collection

One parchment leaf whose main text preserves Isaiah 15:1–18:4, with Masorah parva and magna. The short catalogue title mistakenly says 28:4, but its detailed endpoints and the surviving text confirm 18:4. The margins repeat Isaiah 14:32–15:2, 15:6–9, and…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Dropsie Cairo Genizah Collection

One nearly complete paper leaf preserving Psalm 37:23–37. The pointed and accented text is arranged in staggered spaces even within sentences, a layout that the OPenn catalogue compares with the biblical songs in Exodus 15 and Judges 5. Small holes, faded ink,…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Sulzberger and Dropsie Cairo Genizah collections

Two non-consecutive parchment leaves preserving Psalms 106:5–107:37 and 118:29–119:86. OPenn mounts one side of both leaves together in each of two composite photographs. Each leaf has one 26-line column, with a large central gap in every odd line; Tiberian…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Adler and Dropsie Cairo Genizah collections

One parchment bifolium photographed on both sides, preserving Psalms 126:6–134:3. Each OPenn photograph contains two visible page areas; textual order runs from the first side to the opposite side and then returns to the first side. Each page area has one…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through the Adler collection and Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

One parchment leaf preserving Psalms 135:6–136:17. The recto contains Psalms 135:6–136:4 and the verso Psalm 136:5–17. The pointed and accented Tiberian text is arranged in two columns of 17 lines. Neither Masora parva in the side margins nor Masora magna in…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through Amram and the Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

One parchment leaf photographed recto and verso, preserving Proverbs 30:27–31:9. Each side has one biblical column of nine lines, with the new chapter beginning on the verso; a mid-line space justifies the left rule. The text is written in an Oriental square…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through Amram and the Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

One complete, consecutive, oblong parchment bifolium photographed on both sides, preserving Proverbs 31:20–31 and Job 1:1–18 across four page areas. Proverbs closes with a Masoretic note giving its total as 915 verses, and Job begins without a significant…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through the Sulzberger collection and Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

Two non-consecutive parchment leaves photographed on all four sides, preserving mapped locations in Job 2:4–3:3, 3:7–26, 7:8–19, and 8:8–22. The catalogue title stops the second passage at 8:21, while its detailed note identifies a surviving fragment of 8:22.…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through the Sulzberger collection and Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

Two complete, non-consecutive parchment leaves preserving Song of Songs 2:13–3:3 and 4:6–14. OPenn first publishes two composite photographs that pair opposite sides of the leaves, then four individual leaf views; Song of Songs 2:17 and 4:10 cross physical…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through Amram and the Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

One parchment leaf photographed recto and verso, preserving mapped locations in Song of Songs 3:6–4:12. Each side has two biblical columns of 17 lines. The Oriental square Hebrew text has Tiberian vowels and cantillation. Text breaks are marked after 3:8 and…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; from the Cairo Genizah through Lederer and the Dropsie College Library to Penn’s CAJS collection

The surviving lower portion of one parchment leaf, photographed on both sides, preserves mapped locations in Esther 2:13–16. The image OPenn labels 1r carries locations from 2:15–16, while the image labeled 1v carries 2:13–14; the catalogue prose reverses…

Land of Israel in the NLI catalogue; LOC/WDL records the place of copying as unidentified. Later preserved by the Damascus community

The five books of the Pentateuch from Genesis 9:26 through Deuteronomy 34:12, with Tiberian vowels and accents, Masora parva, and Masora magna. The beginning through Genesis 9:25 is missing. At the Exodus 18 leaf gap, manuscript page 0140a retains the opening…

Copying place not identified; the OPenn catalogue gives only the broad region “Orient”

A Hebrew Pentateuch transcribed in Arabic script. The first surviving span is Genesis 24:28–28:14; after the blank inserted fol. 8*, the text resumes at Genesis 29:16, so Genesis 28:15–29:15 is absent. The main sequence then continues through Deuteronomy 31:9,…

Persia (British Library catalogue); the replacement first quire is written in a Yemenite hand

Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, with the pointed Hebrew biblical text paired with Targum Onkelos in Aramaic and supplied with Masorah parva and magna. Leviticus begins on fol. 1r, Numbers on fol. 33v, and Deuteronomy on fol. 78r; Genesis and Exodus are…

Iran or Iraq

The Pentateuch with Aramaic Targum Onkelos normally after each verse, both supplied with Babylonian supralinear pointing and accompanied by Masorah parva and magna. In the decorated Song of Moses, the Hebrew poem occupies fols. 208r–209v; the displaced…

Orient

Fragment of Deuteronomy 9:5–9 with small Masorah: Targum Onkelos survives after verses 5–8; the leaf ends during Hebrew verse 9 before its Targum begins

Orient

Former Prophets: complete Joshua and Judges

Orient

Writings: 1 Chronicles 2:21–2 Chronicles 36:12, Psalms 3–150, Job, Proverbs, Five Scrolls, Daniel and Ezra–Nehemiah through Nehemiah 13:15

Cairo (Fustat), Egypt

Complete Masoretic Hebrew Bible

Egypt (Cairo Genizah)

One parchment leaf: Deuteronomy 31:27–32:27 in two columns on the verso; a 39-line Hebrew Kol Nidre piyyut on the recto has no indexed biblical text

Egypt

Thirty-seven fragmentary parchment folios of the Torah, preserving mapped spans from Genesis 34:2–35:3, 39:19–47:25, and 49:3–50:26; Exodus 1:1–12:51 and 39:24–40:15; Leviticus 14:3–16:8, 19:23–20:18, and 23:5–33; Numbers 2:24–3:26, 13:7–15:31, and…

Cairo, Egypt, probably the Cairo Genizah of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, according to the ÖNB catalogue

A heavily damaged two-sided papyrus fragment preserving Psalms 9:8–12:8. Full-image HTR maps Psalms 9:8–10:10 on the first photographed side and 10:11–12:8 on the second; holes, abrasion, staining, and missing edges interrupt many individual words

Cairo, Egypt, probably the Cairo Genizah of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, according to the ÖNB catalogue

A damaged two-sided papyrus codex fragment preserving Job 6:21–8:5. Full-image HTR maps Job 6:21–7:8 on the first photographed side and 7:9–8:5 on the second; holes and a central tear interrupt local words

Cairo, Egypt, probably the Cairo Genizah of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, according to the ÖNB catalogue

A 27-leaf Hebrew Tanakh-reading codex with Masoretic notes, preserving Genesis 36:3–43, Obadiah 1:1–21, Genesis 37:1–38:24, Amos 3:7–8, Genesis 41:1–44:17, 1 Kings 3:15–4:1, and Genesis 44:18–47:17. ÖNB’s 31 canvases include three alternate photographs of the…

Sefarad; later in the Cairo Genizah

One paper leaf preserving Leviticus 1:9–17: verses 9–13 begin on fol. 1r, verse 13 continues on 1v, and verses 14–17 follow there. Edge damage and a small interior fold or repaired area remove or obscure a few letters, but both sides remain fully mappable

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

Four consecutive paper leaves preserving Leviticus 1:14–3:3. Verses 2:1, 2:4, 2:8, 2:11, and 3:1 cross physical-surface turns and are selectable at both their beginnings and continuations. Tears, abrasion, stains, and local edge loss remove or obscure short…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region ‘Orient’; later in the Cairo Genizah and the Dropsie/CAJS collection

One damaged paper leaf preserving Numbers 5:13–17 in Japheth ben Eli's Judeo-Arabic translation and commentary, with short Hebrew biblical cues: verses 13–14 on fol. 1r and 15–17 on fol. 1v. Holes, abrasion, and irregular edge loss interrupt several words

Sefarad; later preserved in the Cairo Genizah

One reused leaf preserving 2 Kings 5:8–13 in Hebrew in non-linear physical order: verses 11–13 on fol. 1r and 8–10 on fol. 1v. The sheet first carried an Arabic letter and later burial-service writing; folds and edge damage remove local letters

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region ‘Orient’; later in the Cairo Genizah

One paper leaf preserving Zechariah 14:2–11 with Masorah parva and magna: verses 2–7 on fol. 1r and 8–11 on fol. 1v. The pointing and accents were probably added later; the verso is blurred, and abrasion and edge loss obscure letters

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region ‘Orient’; later in the Cairo Genizah

One paper leaf preserving Leviticus 26:34–44 in Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic Tafsir, with a short Hebrew cue for each verse between sof-pasuq signs. Verse 39 crosses the turn from fol. 1r to 1v. Edge loss and abrasion remove parts of several lines

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah and the Dropsie/CAJS collection

One damaged parchment leaf preserving Lamentations 3:54–4:9: 3:54–66 on fol. 1r and 4:1–9 on 1v. Holes and extensive lower-edge loss interrupt letters and words. The catalogue cautions that the leaf may have belonged to a Ninth of Av liturgical codex rather…

Sefarad; later preserved in the Cairo Genizah and the Dropsie/CAJS collection

One damaged leaf preserving Leviticus 23:10–20 in Hebrew with interlinear Aramaic Targum Onkelos: verses 10–15 on fol. 1r and 16–20 on fol. 1v. Ragged and damaged edges, small holes, abrasion, and discoloration remove or obscure letters

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Cairo Genizah

One paper bifolium preserving Deuteronomy 1:15–25. Verses 1:17 and 1:22 cross leaf-side turns. OPenn publishes two composite photographs plus four individual leaf-side views, all selectable as occurrences. The catalogue title also names the distinct Halper 17…

Orient; later preserved in the Cairo Genizah and the Dropsie/CAJS collection

One damaged paper leaf preserving Deuteronomy 1:31–36: verses 31–33 on fol. 1r and 34–36 on fol. 1v. OPenn’s broad title also mentions Deuteronomy 1:15–25, but the TEI note assigns that passage to the separate Halper 16 bifolium, not this leaf. Fading,…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue gives the broad region “Orient”; later in the Dropsie Cairo Genizah Collection

One parchment leaf preserving Psalms 50:18–51:9. The recto continues Psalm 50 and begins Psalm 51; the verso continues Psalm 51. The pointed and accented text has two Masorah parva notes and the chapter number 51. The single column has 11 lines on the recto…

Copying region disputed: the official Erfurt description assigns the manuscript to the Ashkenazic sphere, the FU catalogue records the Middle East, and the Hebrew Palaeography Album records Sepharad

Near-complete Masoretic Hebrew Bible. The Prophets run Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve. Lost gatherings interrupt 2 Samuel 12:20 and resume in 24:15 (12:21–24:14 is wholly absent), interrupt Jeremiah 44:26 and resume within Ezekiel 8:3 (Jeremiah…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

Fragmentary Prophets and Writings in physical order: 1 Samuel 20:25–2 Samuel 24:25; Jeremiah; Kings; Ezekiel 1:1–part of 11:19; part of Isaiah 41:17–66:24; the Twelve; Ruth; Psalms; Job; Proverbs; Ecclesiastes; Song of Songs; Lamentations; Daniel; Esther…

France? (catalogue attribution uncertain; Ashkenazic tradition)

An Ashkenazic codex containing Genesis 1:26 through the Torah, a haftarah cycle partly accompanied by Targum, the Five Scrolls, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job through 42:10. A different inserted manuscript on fols. 213r–227v repeats Genesis 1:1–12:15 with Targum…

Not recorded

Damaged Samaritan Hebrew Genesis fragment: 6:14–7:18, then 9:27–34:30 with numerous lacunae

Not recorded

Greek Octateuch and Kingdoms I–IV

Ashkenaz

Book of Psalms

Probably Italy

The Former and Latter Prophets from Joshua through Malachi, with the pointed Hebrew biblical text and Targum Jonathan interleaved in the two running columns. Narrow Targum-only replacement leaves bound between fols. 66v and 67r preserve the lost wording of…

Spain? (Sephardic tradition; catalogue attribution uncertain)

A codex of the Latter Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve. Missing leaves after fol. 83 remove Jeremiah 32:7–33:4, and missing leaves after fol. 160 remove Ezekiel 40:27–43:13. Scribal omissions were supplied in the margins and later signs mark…

Coastal diaspora

Samaritan Pentateuch fragment: Numbers 10:29–Deuteronomy 23:26

Cairo, Egypt, Cairo Genizah of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, according to the ÖNB catalogue

A papyrus bifolium preserving Leviticus 23:4–28 and 25:15–42 in two columns on each of four Hebrew sides. The boundary verses 23:17 and 25:29 are each split between adjoining sides. ÖNB’s fifth manifest canvas is a supplementary reverse capture in another…

Yemen

Incomplete Writings: Ruth 3:2–4:22; Psalms 1:1–17:3 and 18:30–150:6; Job 1:1–42:17; Proverbs 1:1–31:31; Ecclesiastes 1:1–12:14; and Song of Songs 1:1–6:11. Fol. 114r is a full-page drawing without indexed biblical text

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition); one folio of Hebrew Masoretic lists is in a Greek-region hand associated with Syracuse

A substantial Ashkenazic Masoretic Bible in physical order: the Pentateuch; Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve; Psalms; Job 1:1–10; Daniel; Ezra–Nehemiah; and Chronicles. Proverbs, the Five Scrolls, Esther, and the…

France (Ashkenazic tradition)

A glossed Prophets codex: complete Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Ezekiel, 2 Kings, and Amos–Malachi; 1 Kings 1:1–8:7 and 16:26–22:54; Jeremiah 1:1 only; Isaiah 1:1–53:11; Hosea beginning within 9:4 through 12:3; and Joel beginning with the final clause of 2:11…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

A Masoretic codex of the Prophets and Writings, excluding the Five Scrolls: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, the Twelve, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. Fols. 204v and 205r are blank between the Prophets…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

A Masoretic codex of Isaiah, Ezekiel, the Twelve, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. Psalm 57 is absent; the manuscript numbers 159 psalms by subdividing Psalms 78, 115, 116,…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

An Ashkenazic codex containing the Torah with Targum Onkelos in alternate verses, the Five Scrolls, and the cycle of haftarot for weekly readings, feasts, and fasts. The copied cycle includes a Vayera reading ending at 2 Kings 4:26, places Ezekiel 22 before…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

A pointed and accented Ashkenazic codex of the Writings in the order Psalms, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Job, Proverbs, and Chronicles. Psalm 47, omitted by the original scribe, was supplied in the margin of…

France (Ashkenazic tradition)

A pointed and accented Ashkenazic codex containing Exodus 6:23–40:38, Leviticus, Numbers with a lacuna from 4:23 through 8:20, Deuteronomy, Esther, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and a cycle of haftarot for weekly readings, the four special…

Spain (?) (Sephardic tradition)

A complete pointed and accented Sephardic Masoretic Bible in the physical order Pentateuch, Former Prophets, Latter Prophets, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. Fols. 331r–338v…

Ashkenaz

Hebrew Bible continuation: 1 Kings 22:36–2 Kings, Prophets and Writings through 1 Chronicles 9:11

Unknown

Proverbs 6:15–31:31 with Moses Kimhi’s commentary and 45 indexed embedded biblical quotations; pen trials and a separate collection of moral aphorisms follow the commentary (Kennicott critical-edition witness 46)

Sepharad

Latter Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve

Not recorded

Samaritan Pentateuch fragment: Genesis 30:25–Exodus 1:15

England

Writings: Ezra, Nehemiah, Job, Lamentations, Esther and Ruth through 4:16

England

Prophets: complete Book of Ezekiel

Ashkenaz

Writings: Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, Five Scrolls and Chronicles

France (uncertain)

Book of Psalms

Ashkenaz

Prophets from 1 Samuel 6:10 through Malachi 3:24

Orient

Complete Proverbs with Saadia's Judaeo-Arabic translation after the Hebrew verses; the Hebrew is normally pointed and accented, but the concluding verses on fol. 96r are unpointed. Followed by Maimonides' commentary on Avot and Masekhet Derekh Erets Zuta…

Orient

Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah; pointed text with qere/ketiv and marginal Masoretic notes (Kennicott critical-edition witness 49)

Not recorded

Samaritan Pentateuch (incomplete, with lacunae from damaged and missing leaves)

France? (catalogue attribution uncertain; Ashkenazic tradition)

The Torah with Targum Onkelos in the margins, followed by a haftarah cycle on fols. 271v–301v. The Five Scrolls are interleaved in the margins of that haftarah unit: Song of Songs on fols. 271v–274r, Ruth 274r–278v, Lamentations 278v–284v, Esther 288v–300r,…

Toledo, Spain

Fragments of the Latter Prophets

England

Book of Psalms with Latin and French glosses

Northern France (Ashkenazic tradition)

A partial Pentateuch followed by the three Torah passages of the Shema prayer on fol. 125v and a lacunose Esther on fols. 126r–131v, ending at 9:19. Genesis now begins at 33:8. A detached remnant between fols. 2v and 3r preserves Genesis 36:15–33 and…

Orient

Prophets: complete Book of Isaiah

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

Prophets and Writings in physical order: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Ezekiel, the Twelve, Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. A lost bifolium after fol. 190…

Germany, possibly Franconia (Ashkenazic tradition)

Pentateuch with verse-by-verse Targum Onkelos; the Five Scrolls; an Ashkenazic haftarah cycle; Job; Jeremiah 1:1–23:6; and Isaiah 34:1–35:10. Fol. 153v is a full-page micrographic carpet page between Leviticus and Numbers, and fol. 331r changes from Jeremiah…

France?

Numbers 4:44 through Deuteronomy, with Onkelos after each verse and haftarot in the margins (Kennicott critical-edition witness 15)

Italy

An Italian pointed Torah and haftarah codex with a defective beginning and numerous lost or mutilated leaves. Genesis is absent; the Torah preserves Exodus 17:15–40:8, Leviticus 8:28–27:34, Numbers 1:1–7:60 and 15:11–36:13, and Deuteronomy 1:1 through the…

Northern Spain, probably Tudela, Burgos, or Soria (Sephardic tradition)

A nearly complete Hebrew Bible in an unusual physical order: Torah; Former Prophets; Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve; then Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. Missing…

Germany

Pentateuch from Genesis 1:1 through Deuteronomy 34:12, with Targum Onkelos after each verse. Fol. 1r is a repaired parchment surface without indexed biblical text; the historical foliation skips 77 and 101 and numbers fol. 199 twice, without interrupting the…

Italy (Rome or Bologna?)

The first volume of a two-volume Italian Masoretic Bible: the complete Pentateuch and Former Prophets, in the order Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, 1–2 Samuel, and 1–2 Kings. Fols. 135v–137r insert rules for writing a Torah…

Italy (Rome or Bologna?)

The second volume of a two-volume Italian Masoretic Bible, containing Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the Twelve Prophets, Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, and Ezra–Nehemiah. Fols. 128v–129v insert…

Ashkenaz

Complete book of Psalms, from Psalm 1:1 on fol. 1r through Psalm 150:6 on fol. 69r (Kennicott critical-edition witness 40)

Germany (uncertain)

Pentateuch (Leviticus 3:1–Deuteronomy) with interleaved Targum Onkelos

Germany (uncertain)

Prophets and Writings (with lacunae)

Ashkenaz (possibly Germany)

Complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos after each Hebrew verse, followed by a large Haftarot collection with Aramaic Targum. Several transition surfaces contain multiple readings; a repeated Ezekiel 45:17–46:12 excerpt runs from fol. 281v onto fol. 282r,…

France? / Ashkenaz

Latter Prophets continuation: Jeremiah 33:21–52:34, Isaiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve

Ashkenaz

Complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos after each Hebrew verse; the Five Scrolls in physical order Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, and Esther; a physically reordered haftarah collection; Jeremiah 1:1–23:6; Job; and Isaiah 34–35. Older reused…

Ashkenaz

Complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos after each Hebrew verse; the Five Scrolls in the physical order Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther; a Haftarot collection; Job; and a continuous fragment of Jeremiah 2:31–11:5. A non-biblical…

Germany or the Ashkenazic cultural region (codicological attribution; the hand also resembles early Italian square script)

Prophets and Writings in physical order: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the Twelve, Chronicles, and Psalms. The mapped biblical sequence begins with Joshua 1 on fol. 1v and ends with Psalm 150 on fol. 424r. The first scan combines…

Iberian Peninsula, probably Toledo (Sephardic tradition; the Toledan attribution is plausible but not certain)

A nearly complete Hebrew Bible in the book order prescribed by the Babylonian Talmud: Torah; Former Prophets; Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve; then Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra–Nehemiah,…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

A pointed Psalter with Rashi commentary in the margins, followed by rules for omitting certain prayers and a daily prayer book. Biblical passages in the prayer section are indexed separately: the daily and additional offerings from Numbers 28; Psalm 20; a…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

A two-volume Ashkenazic biblical codex. Volume 1 contains the Pentateuch; Song of Songs; Ruth; Ecclesiastes 1:1–9:10; complete Esther; and a haftarah cycle. A lacuna of about six leaves after fol. 226 removes Ecclesiastes 9:10–12:14 and Lamentations. The later…

Italy; copied in an Ashkenazic square hand at variance with the production area

A complete codex of the Former and Latter Prophets in physical order: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve. Later marginal signs mark the beginnings and ends of haftarot but do not insert additional biblical readings. Fol.…

Cervera, Crown of Aragon (Sephardic tradition)

A complete Hebrew Bible in physical order: Torah; Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings; Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve; Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. Preliminary…

קרצייא or קרינייא (Ashkenaz)

Pentateuch with Onkelos, Five Scrolls and Hafṭarot

Ashkenaz (Central Europe)

Complete four-volume Masoretic Hebrew Bible with the Aramaic Targum alternating verse by verse: Torah (Ms. or. fol. 1); Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve (fol. 2); Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings (fol. 3); and Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs,…

Copying place not identified; the catalogue associates the item with 14th-century Spain and Portugal; later in the Dropsie/CAJS Cairo Genizah collection

One damaged parchment leaf preserving Deuteronomy 26:8–28:25 in three columns: 26:8–27:17 on fol. 1r and 27:17–28:25 on fol. 1v. Deuteronomy 27:17 begins on the recto and ends at the head of the verso. The pointed and cantillated text is surrounded by Masorah…

Yemen

Complete pointed and cantillated Hebrew Pentateuch with Masorah parva and micrographic Masorah magna. Visual inspection places Genesis 1:1 on fol. 1v, although the catalogue summary labels Genesis from fol. 1r; fol. 1r instead has ownership inscriptions and…

West-central France (Ilona Steimann, 2023); the British Library catalogue records Germany

The Yonah Pentateuch: the Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos, a separate haftarah collection, the Five Scrolls, and Job. Genesis begins within 14:10 after the lost opening leaves; Deuteronomy breaks within 12:17; Song of Songs lacks its opening through part of…

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

The Duke of Sussex’s German Pentateuch: a complete Ashkenazic Torah with each Hebrew verse followed by Targum Onkelos; six pages of reading mnemonics, festival and fast-day lesson lists, calendar-dependent weekly arrangements, Torah-reading rules, and haftarah…

Toledo, Castile (Spain)

The First Ibn Merwas Bible, a Sephardic Masoretic Bible now bound in Torah–Prophets–Writings order. The continuous biblical text runs from Genesis 1:1 on fol. 4v through 2 Chronicles 36:23 on fol. 368v; missing leaves remove Jeremiah 6:6–20:18. Masoretic lists…

Spain (Sephardic tradition)

A complete Hebrew Bible in physical order: Torah; Former and Latter Prophets; Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. In this sequence, Ecclesiastes precedes Lamentations. Six…

France (Ashkenazic tradition)

A French Ashkenazic codex containing the complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos and Rashi, a separately copied haftarah cycle with Rashi, the Five Scrolls with Rashi in the order Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther, and a partial…

Unknown (Sephardic scribal tradition)

A pointed and accented Sephardic codex of the Writings, imperfect at the beginning and missing Psalms 1–27 and Psalm 28:1–7. The surviving text opens with Psalm 28:8–9 before Psalm 29 and continues in the physical order Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel,…

Spain, probably Castile (Sephardic tradition)

A complete pointed and accented Sephardic Masoretic Bible containing all twenty-four biblical books in the physical order Pentateuch, Former Prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the Twelve, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Daniel, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes,…

Spain (?)

Writings in physical order: Chronicles, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah; followed by four detached fragment surfaces with text traces that could not be identified securely

Not recorded (Yemenite biblical leaf)

Composite of five damaged paper leaves from two codices. Fol. 1b preserves Leviticus 1:1–4 in Hebrew with Targum Onkelos, a Judeo-Arabic translation attributed tentatively to Saadia Gaon, and marginal Rashi; fol. 1a carries inscriptions, while fols. 2a–5b…

Spain

Psalms 45:16–78:46; the final verse is the last biblical text sufficiently legible on fol. 24b, and the following writing has not been securely identified

Germany

Complete Lamentations; the Western Ashkenazi kinot for the Ninth of Av, including a complete embedded quotation of Isaiah 63:4 on fol. 42r; complete Job; and physically displaced Jeremiah spans 1:1–24:10, 27:1–32:24, then 25:27–26:21. Jeremiah 25:1–26 and…

North Africa?

Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Ruth, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther through the opening of 3:10, where the manuscript breaks off mid-verse (Kennicott critical-edition witness 14)

Not recorded

Samaritan Pentateuch

Spain

Complete Pentateuch: Genesis 1:1–Deuteronomy 34:12. Fol. 1r carries three family birth notes without indexed biblical text; the biblical text begins on fol. 1v and ends on fol. 101v

Spain

Complete Former Prophets: Joshua, Judges, 1–2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings. Fol. 1r carries preliminary Masoretic material without indexed biblical text; Joshua 1:1 begins on fol. 1v and 2 Kings 25:30 ends on fol. 90v

Spain

Complete Latter Prophets in canonical order: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets. Isaiah 1:1 begins on fol. 1r and Malachi 3:24 ends on fol. 88v

Spain

Complete Writings in physical order: Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. The continuous text runs from Psalms 1:1 on fol. 1r through 2 Chronicles 36:23 on fol. 113r; fols.…

Sepharad

Fragments of the Former Prophets

Orient

Torah fragments: Genesis 4:20–36:7; Exodus 5:8–40:19; and complete Deuteronomy (Kennicott critical-edition witness 13)

Ashkenaz

Complete Ecclesiastes and Esther, followed by a physically ordered Ashkenazic haftarah collection including the Four Parashiyot and special readings. Hosea 14:2–10 is copied twice in separate physical positions, and both occurrences remain searchable. Fols.…

Spain

Complete Exodus with Masorah magna and Masorah parva (Kennicott critical-edition witness 12)

Ashkenaz

Complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos after each Hebrew verse; the Five Scrolls in the physical order Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, and Esther; and a haftarot collection whose special readings form a later physical group and whose final…

Soria, Spain

Nearly complete Sephardic Hebrew Bible in the physical order Pentateuch, Prophets, Chronicles, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah. Fols. IVr–VIIv contain displaced decorated Rashi…

Ashkenaz

Complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos after each Hebrew verse, the Five Scrolls in the physical order Song of Songs, Ruth, Ecclesiastes, Esther, and Lamentations, and a haftarah collection beginning with Isaiah 42:5 and ending with 1 Kings 18:46–19:21 after…

Ashkenaz

Pentateuch surviving from Genesis 21:20 through Deuteronomy 33:29, with Targum Onkelos after each Hebrew verse, followed by the Five Scrolls in the physical order Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Ruth, and Esther. After Exodus ends on fol. 135r,…

Spain

Complete Writings in physical order: Ruth, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1–2 Chronicles. Ruth is displaced to the opening of the codex before Psalms. Shared transition surfaces are indexed…

Soria, Spain

Hebrew Bible

Germany or Ashkenaz (German-Ashkenazic scribal tradition)

Two uniform surviving volumes from one Ashkenazi Maḥzor, here meaning a liturgical cycle of biblical books. Volume 1 contains Song of Songs, Ruth, Ecclesiastes, and Lamentations; the openings carry pen drawings, and David and Goliath appear after Ecclesiastes.…

Germany? (Ashkenazic tradition; catalogue attribution uncertain)

A complete Ashkenazic Torah with each Hebrew verse followed by pointed Targum Onkelos; the Five Scrolls; a manuscript-specific cycle of weekly, festival, and fast-day haftarot; Job; Jeremiah 1:1–23:6 and 31:2–20; and Isaiah 34:1–35:10. The Targum omits Numbers…

Spain

Pentateuch with Five Scrolls and Hafṭarot

Germany (Ashkenazic tradition)

A German Ashkenazic codex known in the British Library catalogue as Abraham’s Pentateuch. It contains the complete Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos and Rashi; the Five Scrolls with Rashi in the order Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther; a…

Catalonia, Spain (Sephardic tradition)

A complete Catalan Sephardic Masoretic Bible containing the Torah, Former Prophets, Latter Prophets, and Writings from Genesis through Chronicles. Fols. 1v–10r preserve painted Ben Asher / Ben Naphtali comparison tables and Masoretic reading lists; twelve…

Not recorded (Sephardi tradition)

Complete Masoretic Hebrew Bible: Torah, Former Prophets, Latter Prophets, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, the Five Scrolls, Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah, and Chronicles. Psalms, Proverbs, and Job use poetic layouts; the final biblical surface concludes 2 Chronicles and also…

Ashkenaz

Pentateuch; followed by the Five Scrolls with Rashi and a Hafṭarot index

Not recorded

Samaritan Pentateuch with Arabic translation in Samaritan script

Sepharad

Isaiah with David Kimhi's commentary. The larger biblical lemmata appear chiefly in the outer margin and sometimes within the single commentary column; exact embedded biblical quotations are indexed on their own physical surfaces. The commentary opens after…

Albenc, County of Vienne (Dauphiné)

Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos, Rashi, Masorah parva and Masorah magna, and a separate Masorah on Onkelos; the final four words of Deuteronomy are missing after fol. 262v. It is followed by the Five Scrolls in the physical order Esther, Song of Songs, Ruth,…

Germany, probably the Upper Rhine region

Pointed and cantillated Hebrew Pentateuch, the Five Scrolls, and a separate Ashkenazi haftarah collection, accompanied by Rashi commentary and Masorah parva and magna. Genesis begins on fol. 3r; Exodus shares fol. 104v with the end of Genesis; Leviticus begins…

Catalonia, Spain (Sephardic tradition)

The Duke of Sussex’s complete Catalan Sephardic Masoretic Bible, containing the Torah, Former Prophets, Latter Prophets, and Writings from Genesis through Chronicles. Fols. 1v–2v preserve three full-page painted architectural tables of readings attributed to…

Catalonia, Spain (Sephardic tradition)

The Duke of Sussex Bible, a complete Catalan Sephardic Masoretic Bible containing the Torah, Former Prophets, Latter Prophets, and Writings from Genesis through Chronicles. The pointed and accented biblical text runs from fol. 1v through fol. 477v in two…

Rimini, Italy

Complete Hebrew Bible in physical order: Torah; Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings; Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve; then 1–2 Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah. The…

Bukhara, Uzbekistan

Trilingual Bukharan haftarot for weekly Sabbaths and festivals: each Hebrew prophetic verse is followed by a vocalized Aramaic Targum and an unvocalized Judeo-Persian translation. The currently bound opening begins mid-Isaiah 54:2; reconstructed order places…

Sepharad

Complete Hebrew Bible in two volumes (Kennicott critical-edition witness 3)

Italy

Psalms, Job and Proverbs

Hama, Syria

Pentateuch in two volumes, with Targum Onkelos and Saadia's Arabic translation after each verse (Kennicott critical-edition witness 6)

La Coruña, Spain

Hebrew Bible with David Kimhi’s Sefer Mikhlol

Segovia, Spain

Former Prophets with Targum and commentary

Kashan, Iran

Writings: Psalms, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Job, and Chronicles; with Hebrew and Judeo-Persian marginal glosses

Yemen

Complete Masoretic Writings in physical order: 1–2 Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah. The fully pointed and accented biblical text is accompanied by Masorah parva and Masorah…

Yemen

Jeremiah and Ezekiel, with each pointed Hebrew verse followed by its pointed Targum Jonathan in Aramaic. Jeremiah begins on fol. 1v, Ezekiel begins on fol. 93r, and Ezekiel 48:35 concludes on fol. 169v. The Judeo-Arabic letter fragment on fol. 170 and two…

Place not recorded

Complete unpointed Song of Songs scroll in Yemenite square script, written in seven columns of twenty-three lines on two gevil membranes. Four overlapping photographs preserve the complete text; the primary index follows the complete-column sequence Song of…

Italy?

Genesis with interlinear Latin glosses

Governolo, Italy

Aramaic Targums of Song of Songs (fols. 1r–6r), Ecclesiastes (6r–11r), Lamentations (11r–13v and 15r), Ruth 2:13–4:22 (14r–v; correcting the catalogue's impossible endpoint 3:20), Targum Sheni to Esther (15r–29v), the Prayers of Mordecai and Esther (29v–30v),…

Not recorded (Ashkenazi tradition)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in eight columns of forty-eight lines across three parchment membranes. Esther 4:11 and 9:6 cross the two membrane joins; after the second join, the text continues through an enlarged…

Not recorded (Ashkenazi tradition)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in fourteen columns of twenty-six lines across five parchment membranes. Esther 2:16, 4:14, 7:9, and 9:10 cross photographed membrane joins; the fourth membrane carries the enlarged two-part…

Darb Al-Hanashāt, Mawzaah district, Yemen (?)

Latter Prophets in physical order: Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve, with each Hebrew verse followed by Targum Jonathan and a Judeo-Arabic Tafsir; fol. 1a also preserves Jeremiah 1:1 and Ezekiel 1:1, fol. 1Aa has a Targumic expansion of Isaiah 10:32,…

Ferrara, Italy

Complete unpointed Esther scroll copied and painted by Mosheh ben Avraham Peshkarol at Ferrara in 1618. Ten text images preserve 29 columns across ten parchment membranes, each column accompanied by a narrative scene above it; two further images show the…

Italy (probably Venice)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Italian square script, surrounded by copper-engraved borders that were hand-coloured and traced in black. Nineteen text columns accompany twenty narrative panels. Six overlapping unrolled views contain the biblical text; a…

Italy (probably Venice)

Unpointed Esther scroll in Italian square script, originally written in nineteen columns of twenty-three lines within copper-engraved borders that were coloured and retraced by hand. Nineteen narrative panels accompany the text. Eleven overlapping photographs…

Yemen

Pentateuch portions: Exodus 29:36–40:38, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy; followed by Song of Songs, Esther, Ruth, and Ecclesiastes 1:1–11:2, with non-biblical blessings and reading instructions between several books

Yemen

Incomplete Yemenite haftarot for weekly portions and festivals, with each pointed Hebrew verse followed by the superlinearly pointed Aramaic Targum; the inserted fol. 1A preserves the displaced conclusion of the Simchat Torah reading and its blessings

Place not securely recorded; an old handwritten label says “from Morocco”

Incomplete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, beginning at Esther 1:10. Twenty-two columns of eighteen lines are written on five parchment membranes. All eight photographs contain biblical text and preserve Esther 1:10–10:3, including the…

Place not recorded

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in fourteen columns of twenty-eight lines on four gevil membranes. Seven photographs of the unrolled scroll preserve Esther 1:1–10:3, including a repeated final-membrane overview and an…

Yemen

Complete Yemenite cycle of weekly and festival haftarot, with pointed Hebrew readings accompanied by a pointed Aramaic Targum; the Va-era reading additionally preserves Ezekiel 25:15–17, and the haftarah blessings on fol. 192b embed Isaiah 47:4. The front and…

Place not recorded; Albert (Abraham) Löwy considered it probably 17th century

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Hebrew square script, written in nineteen columns of twenty-four or twenty-five lines across eight gevil membranes. Seven photographs preserve the whole text; Esther 9:1 and 9:21 cross photographed membrane boundaries, and…

Place of production not recorded

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Hebrew square script, copied by two hands in twenty-one columns on seven gevil membranes. The second hand wrote the darker membranes 2 and 6 in larger letters and fewer lines; all eight overlapping photographs contain…

Place of production not recorded (Ashkenazi tradition)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in twenty columns of eighteen lines across six gevil membranes. Seven overlapping photographs preserve the entire text, including the enlarged Haman’s-sons layout; an eighth photograph shows…

Gibraltar (?)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Sephardi square script, written in seventeen columns of twenty-two lines across four parchment membranes. Nine overlapping photographs preserve the entire text, including the enlarged Haman’s-sons layout and a later final…

Place of production not recorded (Ashkenazi tradition)

The catalogue describes a complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in twenty-nine columns of sixteen lines across eleven gevil membranes. Seventeen overlapping photographs provide a continuous legible mapped span through Esther…

Italy

Incomplete unpointed Esther scroll in Italian square script: Esther 1:18–10:3 survives securely across twenty-two gate-shaped columns of eighteen lines, with badly damaged earlier text and opening and closing reading blessings. Twenty-four panel photographs…

Henan, China

Deuteronomy 1:1–3:22, with one missing leaf: Deuteronomy 1:35–38 are wholly absent, while parts of 1:34 and 1:39 survive on the adjoining leaves

Not recorded (Ashkenazi tradition)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in twelve columns of forty-two lines across three parchment membranes. The column containing Haman’s sons is divided into two halves, and the text includes tagin, enlarged and reduced…

Austria(?) / Austro-Hungarian Empire(?)

Incomplete illustrated, unpointed Esther scroll preserving Esther 1:12–10:3 in thirteen circular text panels of 22–24 lines across six parchment membranes. Five detailed photographs and a complete composite each show the surviving text; a rolled-scroll view…

Morocco (?)

Incomplete unpointed Esther scroll in Sephardi square script, beginning at Esther 1:9. Twenty-three columns of seventeen lines are written on seven parchment membranes. Eight overlapping photographs preserve Esther 1:9–10:3, including an unusual display of…

Unknown (Ashkenazi tradition)

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Ashkenazi square script, written in seventeen columns of nineteen lines. Eight overlapping photographs preserve the entire text, including the enlarged Haman’s-sons layout and the blank opening and closing spaces beside the…

Place of production not recorded

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in formal square script, written in ten columns of twenty-seven lines across three parchment membranes. Five photographs preserve the entire text: the fourth shows Esther 8:1 through the enlarged Haman's-sons display, and the…

Yemen

Genesis and Exodus in Hebrew, with verse-by-verse Aramaic Targum Onkelos and Saadia Gaon’s Judeo-Arabic Tafsir, Rashi commentary, and extensive paratext. A missing folio between fols. 166 and 167 removes Exodus 36:30–37:3 and most of 36:29; the accompanying…

Yemen

Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy in Hebrew, with verse-by-verse Aramaic Targum Onkelos and Saadia Gaon’s Judeo-Arabic Tafsir, Rashi commentary, and extensive paratext; fol. 1a adds a later liturgical poem quoting Psalm 92:2 above a displaced occurrence of…

Yemen

Trilingual Pentateuch: Hebrew biblical text with Aramaic Targum Onkelos, Saadia Gaon’s Judeo-Arabic Tafsir, and Rashi commentary; followed by haftarot with verse-by-verse Targum Jonathan. Deuteronomy fols. 160a–167b are physically misbound but textually…

Sana’a, Yemen

Complete Song of Songs, Ruth, and Ecclesiastes, with minimal Masorah, Aramaic Targum, Rashi commentary, and excerpts from Naḥal Eshkol by Ḥayyim Joseph David Azulai. Fol. ia is a decorated title page; fol. ib contains Rashi’s preface without indexed continuous…

Shechem/Nablus

Samaritan Hebrew Leviticus 1:1–15:33; followed on fol. 29a by the dated colophon

Not recorded

Trilingual Samaritan Pentateuch: Hebrew at right, Arabic in the middle, and Aramaic at left, normally all in Samaritan script

Shechem/Nablus

Samaritan Pentateuch; followed by an Arabic and Samaritan Hebrew schedule of weekly readings

Italy

Complete unpointed Esther scroll in Italian square script, written in sixteen columns of twenty-nine lines across four parchment membranes within Francesco Griselini’s engraved arcade and narrative illustrations. Four images contain the biblical text; two show…